(This is AI generated post for learning only.)
Agriculture today is no longer based on a single approach. Farmers, governments, and markets adopt different farming systems depending on goals such as productivity, sustainability, income security, and climate resilience. Below is a brief overview of the alternate of conventional farming approaches in practice today.
1. Regenerative Agriculture
Regenerative agriculture is a systems-based farming approach that aims to restore and enhance soil health, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and climate resilience, while maintaining or improving farm productivity and livelihoods.
In the Indian context, regenerative agriculture aligns with agroecology and climate-resilient farming, focusing on soil carbon restoration, water conservation, mixed farming systems, and reduced external input dependence, especially for small and marginal farmers.
Key Elements
- Soil regeneration: Increasing soil organic carbon, microbial activity, and soil structure
- Biodiversity enhancement: Crop diversification, intercropping, agroforestry
- Low disturbance: Reduced or zero tillage
- Living roots: Cover crops, perennials
- Integrated systems: Crop–livestock–tree integration
- Climate outcomes: Carbon sequestration and resilience to droughts/floods
Indian Examples / Linkages
- Natural resource management under Watershed Development Programmes
- Agroforestry Mission (Sub-Mission on Agroforestry)
- Climate-smart agriculture initiatives by ICAR and State Agriculture Universities
Regenerative agriculture, while not yet a formal policy category in any state, is implicitly promoted through soil health, agroforestry, watershed development, climate-smart agriculture, and diversified farming systems in states such as Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan, where the emphasis is on soil carbon, water efficiency, biodiversity, and resilience rather than certification.
2. Organic Farming
Organic farming is a production system that excludes synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, GMOs, and growth regulators, relying on biological processes, organic inputs, and ecological balance to maintain soil fertility and crop health. In India, organic farming is a certification-based system regulated under NPOP and PGS-India, emphasizing chemical-free cultivation, on-farm inputs, and market-linked premium produce.
Key Elements
- No synthetic chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides)
- Soil fertility management through compost, green manure, biofertilizers
- Biological pest management (biocontrol agents, botanical extracts)
- Crop rotations and mixed cropping
- Certification and traceability (NPOP / PGS-India)
Indian Examples / Linkages
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
- Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North Eastern Region (MOVCDNER)
Organic farming has the clearest policy architecture: Sikkim stands out as the first fully organic state with a complete ban on chemical inputs, while Uttarakhand has institutionalized organic agriculture through a dedicated state act and board. Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra focus on large-scale organic clusters, certification, and branding, supported by central schemes like PKVY and MOVCDNER, with several other states (Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Punjab) integrating organic farming mainly through cluster-based and market-linked approaches.
3. Natural Farming
Natural farming is an agroecological approach that promotes farming in harmony with natural processes, minimizing external inputs and relying on biological cycles, local resources, and soil life. In India, natural farming is largely influenced by Subhash Palekar Natural Farming (SPNF) and traditional practices, emphasizing zero-budget or low-cost inputs, cow-based formulations, and self-reliant farming systems.
Key Elements
- Biological soil enrichment: Use of microbial formulations such as Jeevamrit to stimulate soil life
- Seed treatment: Beejamrit for protection against soil-borne and seed-borne diseases
- Soil cover (Acchadana): Mulching to conserve moisture and enhance soil carbon
- Soil aeration & moisture balance (Whapasa): Emphasis on soil porosity and reduced irrigation
- No synthetic inputs: Complete avoidance of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
- On-farm, low-cost inputs: Dependence on locally available resources (especially indigenous cow-based inputs)
Natural farming has expanded rapidly in recent years, led decisively by Andhra Pradesh, which has mainstreamed Zero Budget / Natural Farming through a state-wide extension and institutional model. Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, and Haryana have followed with pilots, MSP or procurement support, and farmer training under BPKP and the National Mission on Natural Farming, positioning natural farming primarily as a cost-reduction and risk-mitigation strategy for smallholders.
Beyond these three approaches, Indian agriculture also recognizes and promotes other farming systems such as conventional chemical farming, integrated farming systems, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, precision farming, horticulture-led farming, millet-based farming, mixed crop–livestock systems, terrace and hill farming, and aquaculture-based systems—each addressing specific productivity, nutrition, climate, or livelihood objectives.
4. Precision / Smart Farming
Precision or Smart Farming is a technology-enabled agricultural approach that uses data, sensors, satellite imagery, GPS, AI, and automation to optimize input use (water, nutrients, pesticides) at a site-specific and time-specific level, improving productivity and resource efficiency. In India, precision farming is promoted as a means to increase yields, reduce input costs, address labour shortages, and improve water-use efficiency, particularly in horticulture, irrigated regions, and high-value crops.
Key elements:
- Data Collection: Collects field-specific soil, weather, and crop data to understand farm variability.
- Geospatial Mapping (GPS/GIS): Maps farms accurately to identify location-wise differences in crop performance.
- Variable Rate Application: Applies inputs like water and fertiliser only where and when they are needed.
- Smart Irrigation: Uses sensors and automation to deliver the right amount of water at the right time.
- Decision Support Systems (DSS): Converts data into timely, actionable advisories for farmers.
- Mechanisation & Automation: Improves precision and efficiency through GPS-enabled and automated machinery.
- Monitoring & Feedback: Tracks crop performance continuously to refine practices each season.
- Digital Platforms & Connectivity: Integrates farm data, advisories, and services through digital tools and apps.
- Sustainability & Resource Efficiency: Reduces input waste while improving soil health and environmental outcomes.
- Farmer Capacity Building: Ensures technology adoption through training and continuous handholding.
State policy examples:
- Tamil Nadu: Precision Farming Project for horticulture clusters
- Karnataka & Maharashtra: Drone-based spraying, digital advisory pilots
- Telangana: Digital agriculture platforms and smart irrigation
- Punjab & Haryana: Precision land leveling and smart irrigation initiatives
5. Integrated Farming Systems (IFS)
Integrated Farming Systems combine multiple farm enterprises—crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry, agroforestry—within a single system to optimize resource recycling, enhance productivity, and reduce risk. IFS is promoted in India as a smallholder-resilient model, enabling income diversification, year-round employment, and efficient use of land, water, and nutrients.
Key elements:
- Integration of multiple farm enterprises: Combination of crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry, horticulture, and/or agroforestry within a single farming system.
- Resource recycling and circularity: Efficient reuse of crop residues, animal waste, and by-products as inputs (manure, compost, feed), minimizing waste and external inputs.
- Diversified income streams: Multiple enterprises generate year-round income, reducing dependence on a single crop and lowering livelihood risk.
- Nutrient-use efficiency: Internal nutrient cycling improves soil fertility and reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers.
- Risk reduction and resilience: Diversification buffers farmers against climate shocks, market volatility, and pest or disease outbreaks.
- Enhanced productivity per unit area: Synergistic interactions between enterprises increase overall system productivity and land-use efficiency.
- Employment generation: Continuous on-farm activities create year-round employment for farm households.
- Soil and water conservation: Improved soil structure, organic matter, and efficient water use through integrated practices.
- Adaptability to smallholder systems: Flexible models tailored to land size, agro-climatic conditions, and household resources.
State policy examples:
- Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand: IFS models under livelihood missions
- Kerala: Homestead-based integrated farming
- Assam & West Bengal: Crop–fish–livestock integration
- ICAR-led pilots across multiple states
6. Agroforestry
Agroforestry is a land-use system where trees are deliberately integrated with crops and/or livestock, enhancing ecological interactions, productivity, and ecosystem services. In India, agroforestry is seen as a key strategy for climate resilience, soil restoration, additional farm income, and timber/fodder security, especially in rainfed and marginal areas.
Key elements:
- Integration of trees with crops and/or livestock: Deliberate inclusion of woody perennials within agricultural landscapes to create productive and ecologically balanced systems.
- Species diversity and multi-layered systems: Use of timber, fruit, fodder, and nitrogen-fixing trees alongside annual crops to optimize space, light, and nutrients.
- Soil health improvement: Enhanced soil organic matter, nutrient cycling, and microbial activity through leaf litter, root biomass, and reduced erosion.
- Water conservation and microclimate regulation: Improved water infiltration, reduced runoff, windbreak effects, and moderation of temperature extremes.
- Carbon sequestration and climate resilience: Long-term storage of carbon in biomass and soils, contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation.
- Livelihood diversification: Multiple outputs (timber, fruits, fuelwood, fodder, NTFPs) that spread risk and provide stable farm income.
- Reduced input dependence: Lower reliance on synthetic fertilizers and external inputs through biological nutrient recycling.
- Landscape and biodiversity enhancement: Improved habitats for birds, pollinators, and beneficial organisms, strengthening ecosystem services.
- Long-term farm planning and tenure security: Tree-based systems require planning for longer production cycles and supportive land and tree tenure policies.
State policy examples:
- National Agroforestry Policy (2014) guides all states
- Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab: Poplar/eucalyptus-based systems
- Madhya Pradesh & Maharashtra: Agroforestry in tribal and rainfed areas
- Karnataka & Telangana: Tree-based farming incentives
7. Millet / Nutri-cereal Farming
Millet farming involves cultivation of small-seeded cereals that are drought-tolerant, nutrient-dense, and well-suited to low-input environments. In India, millet farming is promoted for nutrition security, climate resilience, and dryland livelihoods, especially after the International Year of Millets (2023).
Key elements:
- Low water and input requirements
- High nutritional value (iron, calcium, fiber)
- Suitability for rainfed and degraded lands
- Traditional seed systems and mixed cropping
State policy examples:
- Odisha: Odisha Millet Mission (flagship model)
- Karnataka: Siridhanya Mission
- Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh: MSP and PDS inclusion
- Rajasthan & Telangana: Millet clusters and value chains
8. Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
Climate-Smart Agriculture is an approach that simultaneously increases productivity, enhances climate resilience, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. In India, CSA is integrated into climate adaptation, natural resource management, and sustainable livelihoods, particularly in climate-vulnerable regions.
Key elements:
- Climate-resilient crops and varieties: Drought-, flood-, heat- and salinity-tolerant seeds
- Water-efficient practices: Micro-irrigation, rainwater harvesting, SRI/DSR, watershed management
- Soil health enhancement: Conservation agriculture, residue management, carbon sequestration
- Risk reduction & diversification: Crop diversification, integrated farming systems, agroforestry
- Climate information services: Weather advisories, early warning systems, digital decision tools
State policy examples:
- Maharashtra: Climate-resilient agriculture under watershed missions
- Bihar & Odisha: CSA pilots with flood/drought adaptation
- Rajasthan: Dryland climate-smart practices
- Kerala: Climate-resilient farming under state action plans
