Building Voice AI for Bharat - India's Real Linguistic Diversity — Data, Dialects & Design

In the previous blog post: Migration & India’s Languages, we have explored how India's linguistic diversity faces erosion from migration, yet initiatives like Project Vaani and Bhashini offer innovative preservation through tech and policy.

India is entering a voice‑first digital era—from government helplines to hiring systems to multilingual chatbots. But voice AI can only be as good as the data behind it, and India’s linguistic diversity poses unique challenges and opportunities for building robust, inclusive models.

This post explores data collection hurdles, metadata requirements, regional speech variations, and the rapidly evolving work of Indian and global AI labs in speech technology.

1. India’s Linguistic Terrain: A Voice AI Challenge Map

• High-Density Language Clusters: Areas like Dimapur (Nagaland) host 40+ languages; others like Shajapur (MP) have only Hindi. Such regions exhibit: Heavy code-mixing, Rapid dialect shifts and Low-script literacy
• Migration-Prone Areas: Workers from UP, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha migrate to Maharashtra, Gujarat, Telangana, and Karnataka, creating dialect-rich environments where speech models often struggle.
• Dialect-Sensitive Regions: Even within the same language, variations are extreme: Inland vs Coastal Tamil, Vidarbha vs Konkan Marathi and Bhojpuri vs Magahi vs Maithili clusters
• Voice AI needs region-specific training to reach >90% accuracy. In Low Digital Access Populations, millions rely on: Basic phones, Offline-first apps and Voice interfaces (due to low literacy)

2. Collecting India-Scale Speech Data: What’s Hard?

A. Non-Standard Dialects: 25–40% transcription error rates, Sparse digital corpora and Heavy code-switching

Solution: Geo-mapped dialect corpora + fine-tuned Indic ASR models.

B. Offline Data Collection Challenges: Patchy networks cause 30% data-sync dropouts, Device variability (cheap phone mics) and Household noise pollution

Solution: PWAs with local storage, SMS triggers, edge ASR using TensorFlow Lite.

C. Low Participation in Tribal Clusters: Participation rates drop to 10–15%.

Solution: Incentives (₹10–20/min), standard recording apps, community-led drives.

3. Metadata: The Backbone of High-Quality Speech Datasets

A strong dataset needs complete metadata for every audio file, including:

• File ID
• Speaker gender
• Age group
• Accurate orthographic transcription
• Timestamp
• Noise level (in dB)
• Recording device
• Annotator ID
• Transcription quality score
• Delivery logsheet

These standards ensure transparency, reproducibility, and model robustness.

4.  Common Rejection Trend in data collection: Heat maps often show-

• Geography      High in migration-prone areas (Bihar-UP belt: 30% noise rejection); low in urban metros (<10%) Red zones: Northeast dialects, rural Maharashtra
• Age      18-30: Low (8%) due to clarity; 50+: High (28%) mumbling/overlaps      Peaks in 60+ rural migrants
• Gender            Females: 18% (background noise from households); Males: 12%     Gender parity gaps in tribal areas
• Education        Illiterate/low-literacy: 35% (accent variability, code-mixing errors)  Highest in <10th std rural speakers

5. The Technology Landscape: Key Models & Initiatives

• Project Vaani (IISc + ARTPARK + Google): Collecting 150,000+ hours of district-level speech data.
• Google DeepMind’s Morni: Aiming to support 125+ Indian languages and dialects, including those with no digital footprint.
• IndicVoices & Samanantar: Large-scale Indian corpora powering ASR/NLP models.
• LLM Ecosystem Seeing Rapid Growth: PaLM 2 & Med-PaLM 2, Llama 2, Claude 2, GPT series and BERT and transformer-based NLP tools
• Hugging Face: Open-source hub powering India’s research ecosystem with 2M+ models, 500K datasets and Community-driven evaluation
• ‘Jugalbandi’, an AI-based conversational chatbot, developed by government-backed AI centre, AI4Bharat in partnership with Microsoft.

6. Where Voice AI Is Already Transforming Systems

• Defense: Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) deploys AI-enabled Voice Analysis Software (AIVAS) for real-time speech transcription, monitoring, and command systems in military operations, enhancing C2ISR, border surveillance, and pilot interfaces.
• Crime and Law Enforcement: UP Police's Crime GPT, powered by Staqu Technologies, uses voice and face recognition on a 900,000-criminal database for rapid queries via spoken/written inputs, extending Trinetra for gang analysis and investigations.
• Government: Voice-first AI platforms under Wadhwani Foundation and MeitY support scheme eligibility checks, grievance lodging, farmer advisories, and taxpayer reminders in local languages, bridging digital divides for citizens.
• Courts: Adalat.AI provides real-time speech-to-text transcription for witness depositions and Supreme Court hearings; Kerala High Court mandates it across subordinate courts from November 2025, with Bihar adopting next.
• Healthcare: Voice AI assistants capture doctor-patient dialogues, update EMRs, and suggest actions; IndicVoices powers IndicASR for multilingual recognition, addressing doctor shortages via accessible interfaces.
• Labour: Vahan.ai, backed by OpenAI's GPT-4o, automates blue-collar hiring (e.g., factory workers, drivers) through voice calls in 8 Indian languages, amplifying recruiters without replacing low-cost labor.
• Music Industry: AI voice cloning threatens dubbing artists (20,000 freelancers), prompting Association of Voice Artists of India (AVA) demands for consent, credit, and fair pay; Bombay HC ruled it violates personality rights in Asha Bhosle case

The Road Ahead: Building voice AI for India means building for:

• Low literacy
• Low bandwidth
• High dialect diversity
• High code-mixing
• Migrant speech patterns
• Tribal languages at risk of extinction

To get this right, India must invest in:

• Data diversity
• Community-led preservation
• Strong metadata standards
• Offline-first, inclusive tech
• Consistent QA & validation frameworks

A voice-enabled future should include every Indian voice—not just the digitally dominant ones.

Migration & India’s Languages — A Complex Relationship of Loss and Innovation

India is one of the world’s most linguistically rich countries—122 major languages and 1,600+ dialects weave together our cultural fabric. But as rural–urban migration, interstate mobility, and seasonal labour flows accelerate, the linguistic landscape is being reshaped in profound ways.

1. The Paradox: Migration can enrich languages through mixing (think Hinglish or Marathi–Konkani blends) while also eroding mother tongues when communities disperse or when children don’t get early literacy in their heritage languages. The outcome depends on who migrates, where, and how services respond.

This blog post brings together the risks, the data gaps, the technology landscape, and a practical policy + product playbook to keep India’s linguistic diversity alive - not just in homes and schools, but inside our apps, helplines, and digital public infrastructure.

2. What’s Changing on the Ground:

• Heritage language loss among migrant children: Many children from tribal and migrant families are not acquiring literacy or fluency in languages like Kui, Kuvi, Bhatri, Santali, Gondi, and others.
• Data deserts in AI: Current ASR/NLP datasets under-represent migrant dialects and tribal speech. This makes speech tech brittle in the very contexts where it’s most needed.
• Digital service gaps: Voice-first public platforms - helplines, skilling apps, agristack services - struggle to serve migrant populations because the language variety they encounter isn’t well-supported.

3. Bright spots: 

• Project Vaani (IISc + ARTPARK + Google): One of the largest Indian speech datasets ever created—targeting 150,000+ hours of audio from every district. Phase 1 already collected 14,000 hours across 80 districts.
• Bhashini: India’s national language translation mission, enabling multilingual public services.
• Bhashadaan: A crowdsourcing initiative that invites citizens to donate voice samples.
• IndicCorp, Whisper-based pipelines, and AI4Bharat projects: Documenting endangered dialects and building robust multilingual ASR models.

4. Policy Moves to Strengthen Linguistic Inclusion

4.1 Strengthen Mother Tongue Education for Migrant Children: Introduce bridge language programs in govt. schools (Grade 1–3).  Deploy community-taught classes in tribal languages under Samagra Shiksha. Expand SCERT’s Mother-Tongue Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) to urban migrant clusters. Policies like NEP 2020 promote multilingual education, but implementation gaps in migrant communities hinder mother tongue retention.

4.2 Establish Urban Language Support Centres: Create Language Inclusion Cells in municipal schools, ICDS centres, and skill centres. Provide translation and interpretation support for: Health workers, Social protection schemes and Welfare enrolment (PM-KISAN, MGNREGS, PDS)

4.3 Invest in Tribal and Migrant Language Digitization: Collect speech datasets in Kui, Kuvi, Gadaba, Bhatri, Bhojpuri, Santhali, and regional dialects. Partner with ARTPARK, AI4Bharat, IIIT-H, IIT Madras, and local universities. Use voice-first interfaces for public-facing govt. apps.

4.4 Integrate Linguistic Diversity into Digital Public Infrastructure: Ensure DPI platforms (Bhashini, Agristack, UHI, ONDC) support migrant/mother tongue language packs. Deploy offline voice-to-text tools for low-connectivity migrant populations.

4.5 Community-Led Preservation Initiatives: Establish cultural documentation hubs in tribal migrant communities. Use community radio, YouTube, WhatsApp micro-learning, and storytelling apps to strengthen language retention.

4.6 Incentivize Research & Innovation: Create grants for universities and NGOs to build language maps, dictionaries, and oral corpora. Support technology innovators building low-resource language ASR models.

5. The Bottom Line: Migration isn’t the threat—exclusion is. Languages disappear when communities move but institutions don’t adapt. India has the talent, infrastructure, and public digital platforms needed to preserve its linguistic diversity. With the right investments, schools, apps, datasets, and public services can fully reflect—and celebrate—the languages people actually speak.

Alternate Livelihoods for Refugees

Today is World Refugee Day: There are now more displaced people on the planet than at any other time in human history. UN Security Council has failed to prevent war through negotiation, diplomacy, and sanctions. By the end of 2015, 65.3 million individuals had been driven from their homes as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations. Of these, 21.3 million were refugees, 40.8 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 3.2 million asylum-seekers (UNHCR, 2015a).

The civil wars always have unfolded refugee crisis in every part of the world. The refugee choose to transit to safe locations and may become “stuck” in a country that was intended to be a pit stop on a longer journey. But why don’t refugees just stay in these countries such as India, Turkey or Greece? Human Rights as well as Living conditions of destination where migrants had most wanted to reach significantly affect their migration intention. The reasons for this are clear: poor living conditions, lack of employment opportunities and the desire to fulfill their initial plans. Even once they are migrated to destination, they apply as asylum-seekers, and keeps them waiting, sometimes for years, for refugee status.

This is the time for investing in skill development for livelihoods. . Getting newcomers quickly into the labour market is “the only way” to integrate them. The assistance must including livelihood support be given through cash grants, medical assistance, vocational trainings and Non Food Items (NFIs).

1. Language Barrier: The first task is overcoming language barriers through using services of social connections like diaspora. A key to pursuing sustainable livelihoods is social capital to overcome language barrier and adaptation to the new place. Innovative use of technologies for data gathering with social networks should be piloted to overview the required support for target population.

2. Grants and Micro Credit: Cash and in-kind safety-net transfers under humanitarian programs are an important coping resource for the displaced. There must be setup of micro credit services to provide loans to refugees. Otherwise the majority of the refugee falls into trap of lenders who are connected to organized crime. Initial grant must be a hybrid of vulnerability fund as well as start-up capital to invest in skills or business. Integration with mobile platforms and with mobile money expands the client base and makes the services easier to use. Credit activity can also be self-sustaining in financial terms, something that is particularly useful as donor funding is in decline. Aligning with on-line crowd-funding also expands the base of donors.

3. Skill Development: The third setup is to assess their education and skills systematically. There is necessity in the recognition of foreigners’ qualifications especially in face of Europe’s excessive demands for credentials. Once the assessment of entrepreneurial and employ ability of the candidate over, a careful planning to ensure that vocational training is imparted and marketing support is provided. In this way livelihoods are secured. This becomes more important as most displaced persons have background of farming and pastoral livelihood practises; The refugees who upgrade their current skills and learn on their own will find it easy, whereas the traditional learner who doesn't add to his skills will face challenges. Workforce skills acquires special significance viewed from the perspectives of both Lifelong Learning (LLL) and the Knowledge Economy (KE).

Challenges: Humanitarian agencies and host governments have predominately used the camp and settlement systems as opposed to supporting the settlement of refugees in urban areas. Social and economic conditions in refugee economies are distinct from those in more settled and integrated economies. This is particularly true where refugees live in camps designated by gender, ethnicity, or language, and are separated from mainstream urban activity.The whole proposition of livelihoods become infeasible in remote camp-based areas with depressed economic conditions such as East Sudan, requires market responsiveness and carefulness.

Unfortunately, the refugee crisis is not temporary. Most refugees do not expect to be displaced for long, but in reality displacement lasts about 17 years on average. As a result, there is a need to address longer-term development needs to complement short-term humanitarian assistance. Hence, there is need to learn on the Refugee Livelihoods. Reference: UNHCR evidence document and Guide to market-based livelihood interventions for refugees.

Migration Series -3

Let me move ahead in the last part of Migrant Series. (1 and 2) .Whenever someone comes with an idea on research on the issue of migration and informal sector, there is complete lack of valid data on the nature and terms of employment, particularly in the informal sector. This is directly linked with the state’s unwillingness or inability to use resources for counting the large number of informal sector workers including child workers, bonded labour, migrant workers, home-based workers, domestic workers, and manual scavengers.

A person migrate to a prosperous region due to low employment opportunities at home, low agricultural productivity, deeply entrenched feudalism, and negative industrial growth of the region. Due to irregular cash flow nature of agriculture, a household has no other option but to seek credit at exorbitant interest rates from the local money lender during an emergency situation. The household requires huge money for repayment that isn't much available in returns from the agriculture. That is one of the reasons of the migration in any part of the India. This migration is facilitated by contractors and relatives. They are even willing to accept any distress wages that are offered as long as they have access to employment. In the dire need, they neglect the problems of not having an identity cards, lack of awareness about potential employers or favourable working conditions. The share of agricultural households among rural households varied from 27 per cent in Kerala to 78 per cent in Rajasthan. And, an accurate mapping of agricultural household and migrants can show the true picture of migration in India.

According to a recent census report, three out of five people in Indian cities live in slums; the increasing migration will make that four out of five within the decade. Covering over 4,000 towns, the report reveals a figure of 65 million living in unauthorised squalor. "Unrecognised" slums have no access to safe drinking water, electricity and sanitation. Chakarpur village in Gurgaon is a hub of migrants from Bangladesh and West bengal. Such migrants always have a sense of vulnerability and social isolation that is exacerbated by their ignorance, illiteracy and the alien environment. Urban middle class populations who generally hold negative views on migrants. Local Rajasthani and Punjabi is considered as “indigenous and authentic” whereas the migrant from Bihar is a sinister criminal in New Delhi. Low skilled workers are utilized in construction sector, domestic servants, chauffeurs and gardeners while women and child are working as maids, rag pickers, and scavengers with low and irregular income. These slum residents provide cheap labour as their average wages are just 40-70% of the local labour. There is a CARE report on such pathetic living conditions.

Mosse et al (2005) highlight the fact that most formal channels for protection of seasonal migrant workers such as the Minimum Wages Act (1948), the Inter-State Migrant Workmen (sic) Act (1979) and the Construction Workers Act (1996) among many others have demonstrated a bias towards formal sector workers and hence failed to deliver. As a result most informal sector migrant workers rely on contractors and agents to cope with socio-economic risks. Most of these insurance products sold by agents (usually friends and acquaintances of the migrant) have limited knowledge of the product themselves. The reliability of such agents is always in doubt and rarely case is heard about claim settlements through employer. Exhaustive working hours, poor nutrition and occupational hazards (injuries occurring at the workplace) always push migrants back to the source. Early return is a complex and multi-layered issue that often destabilizes the social, economic and psychological well-being of a migrant.

Bonded labour is rampant in brick kilns, stone quarries, beedi manufacturing, carpet weaving and construction, and child bonded labour in the silk industry. Bondage has been rampant across the state, but the government denies the fact. While thousands of bonded labourers have over the years been released, only very few of them were issued release certificate by the authorities concerned. The bigger question is “whether the state is willing to abolish the bonded labour system?” Since no release certificates are issued to those released and no legal case filed against those who keep bonded labourers, hence there is no persecution.

In this last part of the series, we will give focus on Distress Migration and Human Trafficking. It must be kept in mind that trafficking is different from migration. There are important fundamental differences between migration and trafficking. Trafficking of women and children is one of the gravest organized crimes and violations of human rights done either through deception, coercion or debt bondage situation. Human trafficking is also up in India for the similar reasons -- a lack of economic opportunities, a corrupt state, and the rise of terrifying social pathologies. There were hundreds of thousands of migrants, nearly all male, who did not have wives or girlfriends with them, and having an expendable income. This made a much more fertile environment for prostitution, and hence human trafficking in India. There are various pull factors for destination are Jobs, promise of marriage and a better life, demand for young girls and finally access to sex trade.

Immigration has become symbolic of the disruption of communities, the undermining of identities and the fraying of the family values. It is an outright violation of the right to mobility when government stop people from emigrating for better life. But it is a quite impossible task and also not desirable to stop people from migrating voluntarily. However, there are strong voices that objects to migration. Immigration is clearly one of the most fiercely debated and toxic issues of today. Even in policy circles, there is a disconnected emphasis on remittances alone and less about social factors. In the short term migration may result in the loss of local financial and human capital, but it can also be beneficial and contribute to the long-term development of rural areas. Remittances generate significant indirect benefits to the community at large.

Do migrants really have a choice between two such different worlds, between aspiration and deprivation, power and powerlessness? There are no words for me to write on anger, violence and frustration of the migrant worker. The topic of gender, trafficking and migration has been around for a while, but substantive work on this topic that go beyond the anecdotal is yet hard to find. Those who are interested in basic study can look upto : An overview of migration in India, its impacts and key issue.

Migration Series - 2

Let us start from Migration Series - 1. Once there was a popular myth: in the Government and Development Sector: Migration of 'poor' rural population is bad idea. Even when higher caste population was migrating towards cities for education, the government was launching various schemes on poverty reduction in the villages to prevent people from moving to the urban areas. So, why is the Migration Issue ? Migration – when it is safe, legal, and voluntary – is the oldest poverty-reduction and human-development strategy [Migration, Development and Poverty Reduction in Asia] . As per Wiggins & Keats [Stepping out of agriculture] - "Migration takes various forms, distinguished by:  Destination – international versus domestic, rural to urban, rural to rural and urban to urban; and, Length of absence – permanent moves of a year or more, and seasonal moves – to which might even be added daily commuting."

Many moves are not permanent, but vary from seasonal and circular. The reasons for out-migration can vary as a result of debt at home combined with high unemployment level and poor wages for jobs in the village. The availability of temporary jobs in the nearest vicinity with boom in urban development leads a huge circular migration pattern daily. Temporary migration is a routine livelihood strategy for the poor in India  rather than coping strategy to “keep the wolves at bay".

Migration Pattern in India

There is migration from landlocked BIMARU state towards places having either industrial hubs or agricultural prosperity.The tussle between migrants and ‘people of the soil’ has given rise to political right parties in Maharashtra.

Migration Pattern International 

Taking the estimates available, it seems that just over 3% of the world’s population are international migrants (UN Population Division, 2013), while domestic migrants are at least 12% of world population (Bell and Charles-Edwards, 2013).

Remittance Market

Remittances provide the most tangible link between migration and development, a relationship that has only increased in importance since the economic slump since 2008. Let us compare the Official remittance flows compared to other large monetary flows in 1990–2016 projection for India. The graph is constructed with World Development Indicators and World Bank Development Prospects Group. The remittances from the migrated Indians have played a major role in the development of India from 1990's to present day. Personal remittances are estimated towards value of above 70 Billion Dollars leading to major boost in local consumption. Even when FDI and portfolio equity has dipped during recession era of 2008, the personal remittance has grown in a major way in India.

Internal remittances are part and parcel of livelihoods for many poor families in the developing world with migrant members working in big cities. Internal migrants within far outnumber international migrants but the internal remittances, however, are often small.  Rural areas often receive the lions’ share of remittances. As rural-urban wage differentials grow, the returns from migration increase. India has the second largest domestic remittance market in the world (Tumbe 2011). It is also estimated that of the total domestic remittance flows in India only 30% are routed through formal channels. This is in stark contrast with China where 75% of the remittances are formally routed (ibid).

Are internal remittances contributing to poverty reduction? Remittances from urban employment are mainly used for such purposes as immediate consumption, repayment of loans, health care expenses, education and meeting other social obligations. Investments by migrant households in housing, land and consumer durable are common, and migrant income is also used to finance working capital requirements in agriculture as well as small businesses. . Those who are interested can  read World Bank report on The Remittance Market in India(PDF).

Remittances need to flow directly into the hands of the people who need it most. There is a lot of policy gap for this goal that must be addressed on urgent basis by the government.  Policy initiatives by the government and banking institutions have achieved an important result - Most remittances is flowing  through formal channels. India need to revamp their apparatus for issuing passports and regulate agencies that recruit unskilled workers. And internal migrants also need a lot of entitlements and services from the government and better mechanism for fund transfer through financial institutions. The social impact on the lives of migrants will be discussed in the last post of the migration series.

Migration Series - 1

One can't escape the plight of migrant labour while living in the KBK region. Most of the semi-skilled workers migrate to Gujarat. A large chunk of the migrants from Western Odisha are landless labourers and marginal farmers, not having access to any kind of irrigation facilities. They are employed in the brick-kilns of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh.

Nuakhai is the festival of eating newly-harvested paddy, celebrated in September or October. That is the season of mass migration of the seasonal workers. The recruiter and transporter are paid a commission by the brick kiln owner. The recruitment of labour in the brick kilns is done with the help of contractors/local sardars. They offer a token amount of a thousand as first-time advance to these people and confirmation of going for migrants. A family of three or four usually migrates after receiving the full payment, ranging from Rs. 30,000-40,000. It is quite normal for the labourers to use the cash advances to settle their debts at home. Brick Kiln owner, Labour Department, Railway staff, and local contractors are linked in a long chain of this distress migration.

Brick manufacturing is back-breaking work, involves children, and there are no fixed hours. The work is built on the exploitation of casual labour, and these seasonal workers have no benefits or insurance. Torture, exploitation, and denial of wages are common practices at Brick Kilns. Force is used to discipline the worker and silence the grievances. The loss of entitlements at home and the loss of recognition of their rights at work are major issues faced by the seasonal workers. Child labour is a rampant practice in such places. I will only say that when the lives of children are at stake, even a cold-hearted person can be a silent witness.

Given that a lot of tough physical work is required amid extreme conditions, the wage rates are usually low, such that when the workers return home with small sums of cash after 6-8 months. Their advances are adjusted against a token wage rate, so that they are still in debt to the contractors or kiln owners, whom they have to repay the next season. Deceptive practices such as fraudulent bookkeeping in wage payments are prevalent. The migrants return in April and May each year for the next agricultural season.

Along with the drought, problems such as rural unemployment, non-industrialization, growth of population, and rapid deforestation are faced by the KBK region. Migration-prone blocks of Balangir district are namely Belpada, Khaprakhol, Titiligrah, Patanagarh, Muribahal, Bongomunda, Saintala, and Tureikela. I started routine discussions with locals and government officials in the district. I personally thank PMRDF fellow Raj Gupta for providing this short documentary on migration in Odisha and Sudhir Mishra, a local journalist, for blog inputs.

Why are NREGA & NRLM not suitable substitutes for stopping migration? Even if a ousehold is involved in 150 days of work in the year, only 22,000 is generated from this work in NREGA. That too is a delayed payment, unlike a one-time direct cash settlement by the contractor. Even producer companies formed under NRLM can augment income up to Rs. 5000-7000. Even under ideal conditions of convergence, there is a loss of income that somehow must be fulfilled to stop such distress migration. There is also provision under the Bonded Labour System Abolition Act of 1976, and under the modified scheme, the rehabilitation grants to the extent of Rs. 20,000/- per bonded laborer are provided. The brick kiln industry works in a largely unregulated manner in the informal sector. Overall, there is inadequate information on the nexus of various actors involved and the economics of this modern slavery like practice. We need more documentation to ensure a better grasp of the grassroots-level situation and stories like Why India's brick kiln workers live like slaves' By Humphrey Hawksley are missing in our mainstream media. I have not even mentioned health and gender issues in the article. We need huge advocacy and social movements to make the lives of workers better. Whenever the masses unite with one voice, leaders listen!

A Comic take on Migration!

Migration is the least developed aspect of globalization today as compared to foreign investment or fair trade. Here is a funny take on migrant and natural citizens in middle east society by comic Maz Jobrani, an Iranian-American and a founding member of the Axis of Evil Comedy Tour. Have a great weekend and more posts will be coming on migration issue!